Skip header and navigation
The BC Cancer Library

Delivering timely service and evidence-informed resources to people in BC and the Yukon facing cancer and those involved in oncology care or research.

Refine by:

20 records – page 1 of 1.

Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy : American College of Chest Physicians evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16477
American College of Chest Physicians. Northbrook, IL: American College of Chest Physicians , 2008. 8th ed.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ170 A629 2008
Availability
4 copies, 4 available
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy : ACCP guidelines
Chest Volume 133, Number 6 Supplement June 2008
Corporate Author
American College of Chest Physicians
Edition
8th ed.
Place of Publication
Northbrook, IL
Publisher
American College of Chest Physicians
Publication Date
2008
Subjects
Thrombosis - drug therapy
Cardiovascular Diseases - drug therapy
Thrombolytic Therapy
Thromboembolism - therapy
Fibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use
Evidence-Based Medicine
Practice Guideline
ISSN
0012-3692
Language
English
Material Type
Serial
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Kelowna Library
Surrey Library
Victoria Library
Call Number
QZ170 A629 2008
Website Notes
Includes full text for Disclaimer, Panel List, Executive Summary, Introduction, and Methodology, and also Abstracts for 21 articles.
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency SUR Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Library Available
Show Less

Antithrombotic therapy for VTE Disease : CHEST guideline and expert panel report {article}

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120608
Kearon, Clive, Akl, Elie A., Ornelas, Joseph. Glenview, IL: American College of Chest Physicians , 2016.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Author
Kearon, Clive
Akl, Elie A.
Ornelas, Joseph
Place of Publication
Glenview, IL
Publisher
American College of Chest Physicians
Publication Date
2016
Subjects
Drug Administration Schedule
Evidence-Based Medicine - standards
Fibrinolytic Agents - administration & dosage
Fibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use
International Normalized Ratio
Venous Thrombosis - blood
Venous Thrombosis - drug therapy
ISSN
1931-3543
Language
English
Material Type
Report
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Full-text, open access article from CHEST journal
PDF available for download
Read Online
Show Less

Practical hemostasis and thrombosis

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog119724
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell , 2017. 3rd ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Editor
Key, Nigel
Makris, Michael
Lillicrap, David
Edition
3rd ed.
Place of Publication
Hoboken, NJ
Publisher
Wiley-Blackwell
Publication Date
2017
Series
R2 Library
Subjects
Hemostasis - physiology
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Thrombosis
Thromboembolism
Anticoagulants
Notes
1: BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING COAGULATION
2: LABORATORY TESTS OF HEMOSTASIS
3: MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES TO HEMOSTASIS
4: TESTS OF PLATELET FUNCTION
5: EVALUATION OF THE BLEEDING PATIENT
6: HEMOPHILIA A AND B
7: VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE
8: THE RARER INHERITED COAGULATION DISORDERS
9: ACQUIRED INHIBITORS OF COAGULATION
10: QUANTITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS
11: QUALITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS
12: DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
13: THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHIES
14: VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
15: MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS: THROMBOSIS AND HEMORRHAGE
16: ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS
17: ANTICOAGULATION: HEPARINS AND VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
18: THE DIRECT ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS
19: ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME
20: CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
21: CARDIOTHORACIC SURGERY
22: NEUROLOGY
23: HEPATOLOGY
24: NEPHROLOGY
25: ONCOLOGY
26: OBSTETRICS, CONTRACEPTION, AND ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT
27: PEDIATRICS
28: INTENSIVE AND CRITICAL CARE
29: TRANSFUSION
ISBN
1118344715
9781118344712
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This R2 title is licensed for one BC Cancer staff user at a time only. Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Thrombosis in cancer : a medical professional's guide to cancer associated thrombosis

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123239
[Sharjah, UAE]: Bentham Science Publishers , 2021.
Audience
Professional
Contents:; Overview of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Pathophysiology and Risk Factors for Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Impact of Venous Thromboembolism on Cancer Survival -- Occult Cancer Workup in Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism -- Chemotherapy Induced Thrombosis -- Catheter-Related Thrombo…
  1 read online  
Editor
Rayamajhi, Supratik
Dhakal, Prajwal
Shrotriya, Shiva
Place of Publication
[Sharjah, UAE]
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers
Publication Date
2021
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Thrombosis
Neoplasms -- complications
Thromboembolism
Antineoplastic Agents -- adverse effects
Catheterization, Central Venous - adverse effects Catheterization, Central Venous - contraindications
Abstract
Contents:
Overview of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Pathophysiology and Risk Factors for Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Impact of Venous Thromboembolism on Cancer Survival -- Occult Cancer Workup in Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism -- Chemotherapy Induced Thrombosis -- Catheter-Related Thrombosis in Cancer -- Management of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Special Cases in Cancer-Associated Thrombosis -- Antitumor Effects of Heparin -- VTE Prophylaxis
ISBN
9781681087856
9781681087849
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

American College of Physicians home care guide for advanced cancer : when quality of life is the primary goal of care

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog9994
Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians , 1997.
Audience
Patient or Public
  1 read online  
Editor
Houts, Peter S
Place of Publication
Philadelphia, PA
Publisher
American College of Physicians
Publication Date
1997
Subjects
Home Care Services
Neoplasms - psychology
Family
Terminal Care
Palliative Care
Language
English
Material Type
Online
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

2009-2010 Medical directory : the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog18349
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. [Vancouver, BC?]: College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia , 2009.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2009-10
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
2009-2010 medical directory
Corporate Author
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Place of Publication
[Vancouver, BC?]
Publisher
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Publication Date
2009
Physical Description
viii, 423 p. ; 28 cm.
Subjects
Physicians
Directory
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
British Columbia
Language
English
Material Type
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2009-10
Read Online
Show Less

2011-2012 Medical directory : the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog20410
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. [Vancouver, BC?]: College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia , 2011.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2011-12
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
2011-2012 medical directory
Corporate Author
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Place of Publication
[Vancouver, BC?]
Publisher
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Publication Date
2011
Physical Description
viii, 399 p. ; 28 cm.
Subjects
Physicians
Directory
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
British Columbia
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Abbotsford Library REF
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2011-12
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency ARHCC Library REF Available
Show Less

2012-2013 Medical directory : the College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog21102
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. [Vancouver, BC?]: College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia , 2012.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2012-13
Availability
2 copies, 2 available
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
2012-2013 medical directory
Corporate Author
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Place of Publication
[Vancouver, BC?]
Publisher
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
Publication Date
2012
Physical Description
viii, 411 p. ; 28 cm.
Subjects
Physicians
Directory
College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
British Columbia
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Kelowna Library REF
Abbotsford Library REF
Call Number
W22 DC2.1B7 M489 2012-13
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency ARHCC Library REF Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Library REF Available
Show Less

Residency programs accredited by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada as of October 2002

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog2811
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Ottawa, Ont.: Office of Training and Evaluation. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , 2002.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
W22 DC2 R888 2002
  1 read online  
Corporate Author
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Place of Publication
Ottawa, Ont.
Publisher
Office of Training and Evaluation. Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Publication Date
2002
Subjects
Internship and Residency - directories - Canada
Physicians - directories - Canada
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Call Number
W22 DC2 R888 2002
Website Notes
e
Searchable database of accredited residency programs.
Read Online
Show Less

Physicians' Cancer Chemotherapy Drug Manual 2022

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog124709
Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning , c2023. 22nd ed.
Audience
Professional
"Written by world-class experts in clinical cancer therapeutics, Physicians' Cancer Chemotherapy Drug Manual 2022 provides a complete, easy-to-use catalog of over 100 drugs and commonly used drug regimens--both on- and off-label--for the treatment of all the major cancers."--publisher
  1 read online  
Editor
Chu, Edward
DeVita Jr., Vincent T.
Edition
22nd ed.
Place of Publication
Burlington, MA
Publisher
Jones & Bartlett Learning
Publication Date
c2023
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Drug Therapy
Pharmacology, Clinical
Neoplasms--drug therapy
Abstract
"Written by world-class experts in clinical cancer therapeutics, Physicians' Cancer Chemotherapy Drug Manual 2022 provides a complete, easy-to-use catalog of over 100 drugs and commonly used drug regimens--both on- and off-label--for the treatment of all the major cancers."--publisher
ISBN
9781284229653
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This title is licensed for one user at a time on BC Cancer-network computers. If you are denied access while on a network computer, try again later.
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Physicians' cancer chemotherapy drug manual 2023

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog125034
Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC , 2023. 23rd ed.
Audience
Professional
"Completely revised and updated for 2023, the Physicians' Cancer Chemotherapy Drug Manual is an up-to-date guide to the latest information on standard therapy and recent advances in the field. Written by world-class experts in clinical cancer therapeutics, this essential reference provides a comple…
  1 read online  
Editor
Chu, Edward
DeVita, Vincent T., Jr.
Edition
23rd ed.
Place of Publication
Burlington, MA
Publisher
Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC
Publication Date
2023
Series
R2 Library
Subjects
Antineoplastic Agents
Neoplasms - drug therapy
Handbook
Abstract
"Completely revised and updated for 2023, the Physicians' Cancer Chemotherapy Drug Manual is an up-to-date guide to the latest information on standard therapy and recent advances in the field. Written by world-class experts in clinical cancer therapeutics, this essential reference provides a complete, easy-to-use catalogue of over 100 drugs and commonly used drug regimens-both on- and off-label-for the treatment of all the major cancers." -- Provided by publisher
ISBN
1284272737
9781284272734
9781284272741
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This R2 title is licensed for one BC Cancer staff user at a time only. Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Physicians' cancer chemotherapy drug manual 2021

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123246
Chu, Edward, DeVita, Vincent T., Jr. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning , 2022. 21st ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Author
Chu, Edward
DeVita, Vincent T., Jr.
Edition
21st ed.
Place of Publication
Burlington, MA
Publisher
Jones and Bartlett Learning
Publication Date
2022
Series
R2 Library
Subjects
Neoplasms - drug therapy
Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use
ISBN
1284230139
9781284230130
9781284230284
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This R2 title is licensed for one BC Cancer staff user at a time only. Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Physicians' cancer chemotherapy drug manual 2020

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog122332
Chu, Edward, DeVita, Vincent T., Jr. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning , [2020]. 20th ed.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ267 C559 2020
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  1 read online  
Author
Chu, Edward
DeVita, Vincent T., Jr.
Edition
20th ed.
Place of Publication
Burlington, MA
Publisher
Jones and Bartlett Learning
Publication Date
[2020]
Physical Description
ix, 751 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Neoplasms - drug therapy
Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use
ISBN
9781284198041
9781284198058
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Surrey Library
Call Number
QZ267 C559 2020
Website Notes
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency SUR Library Available
Show Less

Cardio-oncology : the clinical overlap of cancer and heart disease

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog121979
Cham, Switzerland: Springer , 2017.
Audience
Professional
Contents:; Chapter 1 Epidemiology of Cardio-Oncology -- Chapter 2 Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Therapies -- Chapter 3 Screening and Monitoring for Cardiotoxicity during Cancer Treatment -- Chapter 4 Management of Chemotherapy-Associated Cardiomyopathy -- Chapter 5 Treatment of hypertension in patie…
  1 read online  
Editor
Kimmick, Gretchen G.
Hershman, Dawn
Sawyer, Douglas B.
Place of Publication
Cham, Switzerland
Publisher
Springer
Publication Date
2017
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Cardiovascular diseases - Prevention & control
Neoplasms - drug therapy
Neoplasms - complications
Cardiovascular Diseases - complications
Cardiotoxicity - complications
Antineoplastic Agents - adverse effects
Abstract
Contents:
Chapter 1 Epidemiology of Cardio-Oncology -- Chapter 2 Cardiotoxicity of Anticancer Therapies -- Chapter 3 Screening and Monitoring for Cardiotoxicity during Cancer Treatment -- Chapter 4 Management of Chemotherapy-Associated Cardiomyopathy -- Chapter 5 Treatment of hypertension in patients receiving cancer therapy -- Chapter 6 Pre-operative and pre-transplant cardiac evaluation in the cancer patient -- Chapter 7 Radiation Therapy and Cardiotoxicity -- Chapter 8 Management of patients with coronary disease and cancer: Interactions between cancer, cancer treatment and ischemia -- Chapter 9 Vascular Complications of Cancer and Cancer Therapy -- Chapter 10 Breast Cancer Cardio-Oncology -- Chapter 11 Cardiac Toxic Chemotherapy and Cancer Survivorship -- Chapter 12 Geriatric Cardio-Oncology -- Chapter 13 Future Clinical and Professional Directions in Cardio-Oncology.
ISBN
9783319430942
9783319430966
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Attitudes, perceptions and practices of oncologists and naturopathic physicians regarding the role of diet in breast cancer prevention and treatment

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16598
Novak, Kerri L. [Vancouver, BC?]: University of British Columbia , 1999.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
LE3 1999 N935
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Author
Novak, Kerri L
Place of Publication
[Vancouver, BC?]
Publisher
University of British Columbia
Publication Date
1999
Physical Description
ix, 215 p. ; 28 cm.
Subjects
Breast Neoplasms - psychology
Breast Neoplasms - therapy
Breast Neoplasms - prevention & control
Diet Therapy
Holistic Health
Consumer Health Information
Nutrition Therapy
Naturopathy
Women
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Thesis
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Call Number
LE3 1999 N935

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Directory of physicians in the United States

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog2397
American Medical Association. Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Association , 1999-.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
American Medical Directory
Corporate Author
American Medical Association
Place of Publication
Chicago, Ill.
Publisher
American Medical Association
Publication Date
1999-
Subjects
Physicians - directories - U.S.
ISBN
0899709133
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

Guide for physicians in determining fitness to drive a motor vehicle

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog5045
British Columbia Medical Association. [Vancouver, BC?]: Motor Vehicle Branch. Ministry of Solicitor General , 2010.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
Guide in determining fitness to drive
Corporate Author
British Columbia Medical Association
Place of Publication
[Vancouver, BC?]
Publisher
Motor Vehicle Branch. Ministry of Solicitor General
Publication Date
2010
Subjects
Automobile Driver Examination
Legislation, Medical
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

Menopause and osteoporosis 2009 update

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog17680
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. [Ottawa, ON]: Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada , 2009.
Audience
Patient or Public
  2 read online  
Alternate Title
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada (JOGC) Volume 31 Number 1, Supplement 1, January 2009
Media Backgrounder: Menopause and Osteoporosis Update 2009
Corporate Author
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
Place of Publication
[Ottawa, ON]
Publisher
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
Publication Date
2009
Series
SOGC clinical practice guideline 222
Subjects
Menopause
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Practice Guideline
Osteoporosis
Breast Neoplasms
Endometrial Neoplasms
Ovarian Neoplasms
Hot Flashes
Cardiovascular Diseases
Female Urogenital Diseases
ISSN
1701-2163
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

Effect of the supplemental use of antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 for the prevention and treatment of cancer

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog14462
Shekelle, Paul G. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , 2003.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Author
Shekelle, Paul G
Corporate Author
Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center/RAND
Place of Publication
Rockville, MD
Publisher
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Publication Date
2003
Subjects
Neoplasms - drug therapy
Vitamin C - therapeutic use
Vitamin E - therapeutic use
Ubiquinone - therapeutic use
Antioxidants - therapeutic use
ISBN
1587630915
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

Best patient experience : helping physicians improve care, satisfaction, and scores

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120372
Snyder, Bo. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press , 2016.
Audience
Professional
Table of Contents:; The heat is on: a case study -- A dozen reasons to care about patient satisfaction -- How to get physicians to engage on patient satisfaction-six steps that work in the real world -- Dealing with the objections of skeptical physicians -- How physicians can make and sustain indiv…
  1 read online  
Author
Snyder, Bo
Place of Publication
Chicago, IL
Publisher
Health Administration Press
Publication Date
2016
Series
R2 Library
ACHE management series
Subjects
Patient Satisfaction
Physician-Patient Relations
Quality of Health Care
Work Engagement
Work Performance
Quality Improvement
Abstract
Table of Contents:
The heat is on: a case study -- A dozen reasons to care about patient satisfaction -- How to get physicians to engage on patient satisfaction-six steps that work in the real world -- Dealing with the objections of skeptical physicians -- How physicians can make and sustain individual behavior changes -- How leaders can ensure success -- Issues with "the data"-our best friend and (sometimes) worst enemy -- How to shadow coach physicians: a DIY approach.
ISBN
1567937381
9781567937381
9781567938098
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This R2 title is licensed for one BC Cancer staff user at a time only. Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

20 records – page 1 of 1.