Skip header and navigation
The BC Cancer Library

Delivering timely service and evidence-informed resources to people in BC and the Yukon facing cancer and those involved in oncology care or research.

Refine by:

20 records – page 1 of 1.

100 questions and answers about cancer symptoms and cancer treatment side effects

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog18872
Kelvin, Joanne Frankel, Tyson, Leslie B. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers , 2011. 2nd ed.
Audience
Patient or Public
Call Number
QZ201 K29 2010
Availability
4 copies, 4 available
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
One hundred questions and answers about cancer symptoms and cancer treatment side effects
Author
Kelvin, Joanne Frankel
Tyson, Leslie B
Edition
2nd ed.
Place of Publication
Sudbury, MA
Publisher
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Publication Date
2011
Physical Description
v, 238 p. ; 23 cm.
Series
R2 Library
100 questions & answers
Subjects
Neoplasms - psychology
Neoplasms - complications
Neoplasms - therapy
Antineoplastic Agents
Popular Work
ISBN
9780763777609
0763777609
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Ebook
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Vancouver Cancer Info Ctr
Kelowna Cancer Info Ctr
Victoria Cancer Info Ctr
Abbotsford Cancer Info Ctr
Internet
Call Number
QZ201 K29 2010
Website Notes
Patients and the public of BC and the Yukon can access this title by emailing library@bccancer.bc.ca or calling 1.888.675.8001 x 7000 (toll-free) to obtain a username and password.
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency ARHCC Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Cancer Info Ctr Missing Available
Show Less

100 questions and answers about cancer symptoms and cancer treatment side effects

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog13816
Kelvin, Joanne Frankel, Tyson, Leslie B. Sudbury, Ma.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers , c2005.
Audience
Patient or Public
Call Number
QZ201 K29 2005
Availability
2 copies, 2 available
Alternate Title
One hundred questions and answers about cancer symptoms and cancer treatment side effects
Author
Kelvin, Joanne Frankel
Tyson, Leslie B
Place of Publication
Sudbury, Ma.
Publisher
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Publication Date
c2005
Physical Description
v, 228 p. ; 23 cm
Series
100 questions & answers
Subjects
Neoplasms
Neoplasms - complications
Neoplasms - therapy
Antineoplastic Agents
Popular Work
ISBN
0763726125 (pbk.)
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Vancouver Cancer Info Ctr
Prince George Cancer Info Ctr
Call Number
QZ201 K29 2005

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency PG Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Cancer Info Ctr Available
Show Less

Abeloff's clinical oncology

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16584
Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier , 2008. 4th ed.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ200 A141 2008
Availability
3 copies, 3 available
Expert Consult premium edition (online and print)
Alternate Title
Clinical oncology
Editor
Abeloff, Martin D
Edition
4th ed.
Place of Publication
Philadelphia, PA
Publisher
Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier
Publication Date
2008
Physical Description
xxx, 2555 p. : ill. ; 29 cm.
Series
Expert Consult
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Medical Oncology - methods
Abstract
Expert Consult premium edition (online and print)
Notes
CN Library copy is housed in the UHNBC Library.
ISBN
9780443066955
0443066957
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Victoria Library
CN Library
Call Number
QZ200 A141 2008

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency CN Library Available
Show Less

Advanced cancer : managing symptoms and quality of life

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog21693
Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. , 2013.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ266 A244p 2013
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Editor
Pulenzas, Natalie
Place of Publication
Hauppauge, NY
Publisher
Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Publication Date
2013
Physical Description
xvi, 434 p.: ill. ; 26 cm.
Series
Health and human development
Subjects
Palliative Care - methods
Neoplasms - complications
Neoplasms - therapy
Quality of Life
Symptom Assessment
ISBN
9781628082395
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Kelowna Library
Call Number
QZ266 A244p 2013

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Library Available
Show Less

Advances in cancer treatment : from systemic chemotherapy to targeted therapy

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123222
Cavalcanti, Iago Dillion Lima, Soares, José Cleberson Santos. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG , 2021.
Audience
Professional
Summary:
  1 read online  
Author
Cavalcanti, Iago Dillion Lima
Soares, José Cleberson Santos
Place of Publication
Cham, Switzerland
Publisher
Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Publication Date
2021
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Neoplasms - epidemiology
Neoplasms - immunology
Abstract
Summary:
ISBN
9783030683337
9783030683344
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This title is licensed for one user at a time on BC Cancer network computer. If you are denied access while on a network computer, try again later.
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Aesthetic treatments for the oncology patient

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123042
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press , 2021.
Audience
Professional
Contents:; The oncological patient and aesthetic medicine: The bonded approach -- Challenges for oncology: Prevention, palliation, and survival -- Cancer as a chronic disease -- Clinical record: Oncological screening -- Tumor markers -- The psychological approach: The healing power of image and co…
  1 read online  
Editor
Tejero, Paloma
Pinto, Hernán
Place of Publication
Boca Raton, Fla.
Publisher
CRC Press
Publication Date
2021
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Neoplasms - psychology
Body Image - psychology
Esthetics
Antineoplastic Agents - adverse effects
Radiotherapy - adverse effects
Hair - radiation effects
Nails - radiation effects
Skin - radiation effects
Abstract
Contents:
The oncological patient and aesthetic medicine: The bonded approach -- Challenges for oncology: Prevention, palliation, and survival -- Cancer as a chronic disease -- Clinical record: Oncological screening -- Tumor markers -- The psychological approach: The healing power of image and comprehensive assistance to cancer patients -- The role of the family -- The oncological patient environment: Legal framework and ethics -- Radiotherapy: The prevention of secondary effects, radiodermatitis, and long-term toxicity -- Prevention and treatment of dermatological secondary effects of cancer therapy -- Prevention and treatment of adverse effects of antineoplastic therapy and of delayed-onset side effects: Prevention and treatment of hair loss -- Melatonin for prevention and treatment of complications associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy: Implications for cancer stem cell differentiation -- Chronic antineoplastic therapies and their impact on quality of life -- Interactions with medical-aesthetic treatments -- Medical-aesthetic treatments in the survivor patient -- Medical-aesthetic treatments in oncology patients -- Facial medical-aesthetic treatments in oncology patients -- Filler materials: Indications, contraindications, and special considerations in oncology patients -- Aesthetic medical treatments during the disease: What is the plan? -- The role of the aesthetic doctor in follow-up of the oncology patient -- Medico-aesthetic collaboration -- Dietetics and nutrition in oncology patients: Evaluation of nutritional status, weight control, and nutrigenomics -- Nutrition: Diet therapy and nutritional supplements -- Introduction to vascular complications in oncology patients -- Anatomy of lymphatic drainage of the limbs -- Prevention and treatment of secondary lymphedema of extremities, early diagnosis of lymphostasis, and postsurgical prevention and conservative treatment of lymphedema -- Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism -- Cosmetic-medical treatments -- Micropigmentation applied to oncology patients -- Photoprotection in oncology patients -- Scar care after surgical treatment in oncology patients -- Cancer and physical exercise -- Ozone therapy in oncology patients -- Thermal treatments in postcancer care
ISBN
9781138305571
9781351395076
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This title is licensed for one user at a time on BC Cancer network computer. If you are denied access while on a network computer, try again later.
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Approaches to risk management in remediation of radioactively contaminated sites

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog13964
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. [Bethesda, MD]: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements , 2004.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
WN650 N39 2004 v.146
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Corporate Author
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Place of Publication
[Bethesda, MD]
Publisher
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Publication Date
2004
Series
NCRP report 146
Subjects
Radiation Protection
Risk Assessment
Safety - standards
ISBN
0929600827
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Kelowna Library
Call Number
WN650 N39 2004 v.146

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Library Available
Show Less

Atoms, radiation, and radiation protection

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog20026
Turner, James E. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH , 2007. 3rd completely rev. and enl. ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Author
Turner, James E
Edition
3rd completely rev. and enl. ed.
Place of Publication
Weinheim
Publisher
Wiley-VCH
Publication Date
2007
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Physics textbook
Subjects
Nuclear Energy
Radiation Effects
Radiation Protection
Radiometry
ISBN
9783527406067
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Biological psychiatry of cancer and cancer treatment

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog121103
Hodgkiss, Andrew. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press , 2016.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ200 H689 2016
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Contents:; Introduction to cancer biology -- Introduction to biological and molecular psychiatry -- Introduction to clinical neuropsychiarty -- Psychiatric consequences of particular cancers -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: surgery and radiotherapy -- Psychiatric consequences of ca…
Author
Hodgkiss, Andrew
Place of Publication
Oxford, UK
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Publication Date
2016
Physical Description
xvii, 194 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Subjects
Neoplasms - psychology
Neoplasms - therapy
Mental disorders - etiology
Mental Disorders - prevention & control
Psycho-Oncology
Abstract
Contents:
Introduction to cancer biology -- Introduction to biological and molecular psychiatry -- Introduction to clinical neuropsychiarty -- Psychiatric consequences of particular cancers -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: surgery and radiotherapy -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: conventional chemotherapy -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: hormone and cytokine treatments -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: ?small molecule? molecularly targeted agents -- Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: therapeutic monoclonal antibodies -- Opportunities for prevention, or early detection, or psychopathology -- Clinical psychiatric assessment of patients with cancer.
ISBN
9780198759911
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Call Number
QZ200 H689 2016

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Biology and treatment of cancer : understanding cancer

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog113554
Pardee, Arthur B., Stein, Gary S. Wiley Blackwell , 2009.
Audience
Patient or Public
  1 read online  
Author
Pardee, Arthur B.
Stein, Gary S.
Publisher
Wiley Blackwell
Publication Date
2009
Physical Description
316 p.
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
ebrary books for public
Subjects
Neoplasms
Neoplasms - therapy
Popular Work
ISBN
9780470009581
9780470374238
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Patients and the public of BC and the Yukon can access this title by emailing library@bccancer.bc.ca or calling 1.888.675.8001 x 7000 (toll-free) to obtain a username and password.
Read Online
Show Less

Cancer and the heart

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog122400
Raleigh, NC: PMPH USA , 2019. 3rd ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Editor
Ewer, Michael S.
Edition
3rd ed.
Place of Publication
Raleigh, NC
Publisher
PMPH USA
Publication Date
2019
Series
R2 Library
Subjects
Heart Diseases - etiology
Heart - drug effects
Heart - radiation effects
Neoplasms - complications
Neoplasms - therapy
Cardiotoxicity - complications
ISBN
1607952971
9781607952978
9781607959649
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This R2 title is licensed for one BC Cancer staff user at a time only. Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Cancer and vitamin C : a discussion of the nature, causes, prevention, and treatment of cancer with special reference to the value of vitamin C

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog4409
Cameron, Ewan, Pauling, Linus. Philadelphia, PA: Camino Books, Inc. , 1993. updated and expanded ed.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ266 C213 1993
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Author
Cameron, Ewan
Pauling, Linus
Edition
updated and expanded ed.
Place of Publication
Philadelphia, PA
Publisher
Camino Books, Inc.
Publication Date
1993
Physical Description
xxiv, 278 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects
Ascorbic Acid
Neoplasms - therapy
Neoplasms - prevention & control
ISBN
9780940159211
094015921X
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Victoria Library
Call Number
QZ266 C213 1993

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Library Available
Show Less

Cancer biomarkers : the promises and challenges of improving detection and treatment

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16066
Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Developing Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press , 2007.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ241 C213n 2007
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  1 read online  
Corporate Author
Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Developing Biomarker-Based Tools for Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Editor
Nass, Sharyl J
Moses, Harold L
Place of Publication
Washington, DC
Publisher
National Academies Press
Publication Date
2007
Physical Description
xiv, 236 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Subjects
Tumor Markers, Biological
Neoplasms - diagnosis
Neoplasms - therapy
Biological Markers
ISBN
9780309103862 (pbk.)
030910386X (pbk.)
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Call Number
QZ241 C213n 2007
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Cancer care for the whole patient : meeting psychosocial health needs

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16091
National Institue of Medicine (U. S.) Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients / Families in a Community Setting. Washington, DC: National Academies Press , 2008.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ200 C2151a 2008
Availability
5 copies, 5 available
Corporate Author
National Institue of Medicine (U. S.) Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients / Families in a Community Setting
Editor
Adler, Nancy E
Page, Ann E. K
Place of Publication
Washington, DC
Publisher
National Academies Press
Publication Date
2008
Physical Description
xxii, 429 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Subjects
Neoplasms - psychology
Neoplasms - therapy
Stress, Psychological - complications
Needs Assessment
Counseling - methods
Psychology, Medical - methods
ISBN
9780309111072
0309111072
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Surrey Library
Victoria Library
Kelowna Library
Abbotsford Library
Call Number
QZ200 C2151a 2008

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency ARHCC Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency SUR Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Library Available
Show Less

A cancer companion : an oncologists's advice on diagnosis, treatment and recovery

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog121085
Srivastava, Ranjana. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press , 2014.
Audience
Patient or Public
Call Number
QZ200 S774 2015
Availability
4 copies, 4 available
Author
Srivastava, Ranjana
Place of Publication
Chicago, IL
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Publication Date
2014
Physical Description
370 p. ; 23 cm.
Subjects
Neoplasms - psychology
Neoplasms - diagnosis
Neoplasms - therapy
Patient Navigation
Physician-Patient Relations
Popular Work
ISBN
9780226479347
022647934X
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Vancouver Library
Kelowna Cancer Info Ctr
Prince George Cancer Info Ctr
Vancouver Cancer Info Ctr
Call Number
QZ200 S774 2015
Website Notes
This resource was purchased with a donation from the Order of the Eastern Star.

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Cancer Info Ctr Missing Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency PG Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Cancer Info Ctr Available
Show Less

Cancer conundrum and ways of dealing with it : using hypnotherapy, spiritualism and conventional treatments to help you feel stronger

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog121744
Evans, Louise. Ancaster, ON: Manor House Publishing, Inc. , 2018.
Audience
Patient or Public
Call Number
QZ266 E92 2018
Availability
6 copies, 5 available
Author
Evans, Louise
Place of Publication
Ancaster, ON
Publisher
Manor House Publishing, Inc.
Publication Date
2018
Physical Description
144 p. ; 23 cm.
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Complementary Therapies
Hypnosis
Spiritual Therapies
Personal Narratives
Popular Work
Notes
Surrey CIC keep 2022
ISBN
9781988058436
9781988058443
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Patient or Public
Location
Vancouver Library
Abbotsford Cancer Info Ctr
Kelowna Cancer Info Ctr
Prince George Cancer Info Ctr
Surrey Cancer Info Ctr
Victoria Cancer Info Ctr
Call Number
QZ266 E92 2018

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency ARHCC Cancer Info Ctr On Loan, due Thursday, April 25, 2024
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency KEL Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency PG Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency SUR Cancer Info Ctr Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Cancer Info Ctr Available
Show Less

Cancer : how worthwhile is non-curative treatment?

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog8762
New York, NY: Springer-Verlag , 1998.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ266 C217s 1998
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
Editor
Slevin, Maurice L
Tate, Teresa
Place of Publication
New York, NY
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Publication Date
1998
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Palliative Care
Quality of Life
ISBN
3540760830
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Call Number
QZ266 C217s 1998

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Cancer immunology and immunotherapy : volume 1 of delivery strategies and engineering technologies in cancer immunotherapy

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123472
Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Science and Technology | Academic Press , 2021.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Editor
Amiji, Mansoor M.
Milane, Lara Scheherazade
Place of Publication
Cambridge, MA
Publisher
Elsevier Science and Technology
Academic Press
Publication Date
2021
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Immunotherapy - methods
Neoplasms - immunology
Neoplasms - therapy
ISBN
9780128233979
9780128236376
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This title is licensed for one user at a time on BC Cancer-network computers. If you are denied access while on a network computer, try again later
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Cancer immunology. Cancer immunotherapy for organ-specific tumors

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123476
Cham, Switzerland: , 2020. 2nd ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Editor
Rezaei, Nima
Edition
2nd ed.
Place of Publication
Cham, Switzerland
Publication Date
2020
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Immunotherapy - methods
Immunomodulation
Organ Specificity
ISBN
9783030579487
9783030579494
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted.
Read Online
Show Less

Cancer immunotherapy principles and practice

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog123834
New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing , 2021. 2nd ed.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
Cancer immunotherapy
Editor
Butterfield, Lisa H.
Kaufman, Howard L.
Marincola, Francesco M.
Edition
2nd ed.
Place of Publication
New York, NY
Publisher
Demos Medical Publishing
Publication Date
2021
Series
Proquest Ebook Central
Subjects
Neoplasms - therapy
Immunotherapy - methods
Neoplasms - immunology
ISBN
9780826137425
9780826137432
Language
English
Material Type
Ebook
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
This title is licensed for one user at a time on BC Cancer-network computers. If you are denied access while on a network computer, try again later.
This Proquest title is licensed for ONE BC Cancer staff user at a time. If you are denied access while on a network computer, please try again later.
Authentication via HealthBC sign in required. Use your BC Cancer staff username and ID when prompted
Read Online
Show Less

20 records – page 1 of 1.