Skip header and navigation
The BC Cancer Library

Delivering timely service and evidence-informed resources to people in BC and the Yukon facing cancer and those involved in oncology care or research.

Refine by:

20 records – page 1 of 1.

Non-ionizing radiation, Pt. 1 : static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog10318
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2002.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2002 v.80
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2002
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 80
Subjects
Electromagnetic Fields
Radiation, Nonionizing
Carcinogens
ISBN
9283212800
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2002 v.80
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Review of Safety Code 6 (2013) : Health Canada's safety limits for exposure to radiofrequency fields

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog21513
Demers, Paul. [Ottawa, ON]: Royal Society of Canada , 2014.
Audience
Professional
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
Royal Society of Canada Expert Panel : a review of Safety Code 6 (2013) : Health Canada's safety limits for exposure to radiofrequency fields
Expert Panel Report on A Review of Safety Code 6 (2013)
Author
Demers, Paul
Place of Publication
[Ottawa, ON]
Publisher
Royal Society of Canada
Publication Date
2014
Subjects
Electromagnetic Fields - adverse effects
Environmental Exposure
Health Status Indicators
Radiation Protection - standards
Neoplasms, Radiation Induced - epidemiology
Occupational Exposure
Radio Waves - adverse effects
Risk Assessment
ISBN
9781928140009
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

ELF electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer : report of an Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog5680
National Radiological Protection Board. Didcot, Oxon: National Radiological Protection Board , 2001.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QT34 E39n 2001
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Alternate Title
NRPB : documents of the NRPB volume 12, number 1, 2001
Corporate Author
National Radiological Protection Board
Place of Publication
Didcot, Oxon
Publisher
National Radiological Protection Board
Publication Date
2001
Subjects
Electromagnetic Fields - adverse effects
Neoplasms - etiology
ISBN
0859514560
ISSN
0958-5648
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QT34 E39n 2001
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Ionizing radiation, part 2 : some internally deposited radionuclides

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog9650
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2001.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2001 v.78
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2001
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 78
Subjects
Radiation, Ionizing - adverse effects
Neoplasms, Radiation Induced - adverse effects
Radioisotopes - adverse effects
ISBN
9283212789
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2001 v.78
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Sources and effects of ionizing radiation : United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation : UNSCEAR 2008 report : volume II : effects, scientific annexes C, D and E

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog20097
United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. New York, NY: United Nations Publications , 2011.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
WN105 U58 2011 v.2
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  1 read online  
Alternate Title
UNSCEAR 2008 report
Volume 2: Sources and effects of ionizing radiation
Corporate Author
United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
Place of Publication
New York, NY
Publisher
United Nations Publications
Publication Date
2011
Physical Description
v, 313 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.
Subjects
Radiation Injuries
Radiation, Ionizing
Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Radiation Effects
Radioactive Hazard Release
Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
Statistics
ISBN
9789211422801
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Call Number
WN105 U58 2011 v.2
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16347
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2004 June 2-9 : Lyon, France), World Health Organization. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2006.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2006 v.88
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2004 June 2-9 : Lyon, France)
World Health Organization
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2006
Physical Description
v, 478 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 88
Subjects
Formaldehyde - toxicity
Carcinogenicity Tests
Carcinogens, Environmental - toxicity
Ethylene Glycols - adverse effects
Neoplasms - chemically induced
Risk Assessment
ISBN
9789283212881
9283212886
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2006 v.88
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Some nitrobenzenes and other industrial chemicals

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog122792
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2020.
Audience
Professional
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their…
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2020
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 123
Subjects
Carcinogens
Nitrobenzenes - adverse effects
Chlorophenols - adverse effects
Phenylenediamines - adverse effects
Acetamides - adverse effects
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Abstract
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their actions to prevent exposure to potential carcinogens. - Website
ISBN
9789283201908
9789283201618
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Available in PDF format.
Read Online
Show Less

Review of human carcinogens : Part D : radiation

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog20443
International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2012.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2012 v.100D
Availability
2 copies, 2 available
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 2-9 June, 2009.
  2 read online  
Alternate Title
Radiation
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Health Organization
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2012
Physical Description
vii, 341 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 100D
Subjects
Carcinogens
Neoplasms - etiology
Radiation - adverse effects
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 2-9 June, 2009.
ISBN
9789283213215
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Victoria Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2012 v.100D
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
c.1 BC Cancer Agency VIC Library Available
Show Less

Drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120906
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2018.
Audience
Professional
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 24-31 May 2016
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2018
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 116
Subjects
Carcinogens
Coffee - adverse effects
Ilex paraguariensis - adverse effects
Beverages - adverse effects
Hot Temperature - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 24-31 May 2016
ISBN
9789283201830
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Downloadable PDF available.
Read Online
Show Less

Styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and quinoline

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog122794
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2019.
Audience
Professional
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their…
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2019
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 121
Subjects
Carcinogens
Styrene - adverse effects
Epoxy Compounds - adverse effects
Quinolines - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Abstract
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their actions to prevent exposure to potential carcinogens. - Website
ISBN
9789283201595
9789283201885
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Available in PDF format.
Read Online
Show Less

Welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120907
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2018.
Audience
Professional
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 21-28 March 2017
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2018
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 118
Subjects
Carcinogens
Welding - adverse effects
Indium - adverse effects
Molybdenum - adverse effects
Air Pollutants, Occupational - adverse effects
Inhalation Exposure - adverse effects
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 21-28 March 2017
ISBN
9789283201854
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Downloadable PDF available.
Read Online
Show Less

Some chemicals used as solvents and in polymer manufacture

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120553
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2017.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2017 v. 110
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
This publication represents the views and expert; opinions of an IARC Working Group on the; Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans which met in Lyon , 3-10 June 2014.
  1 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2017
Physical Description
vii, 276 p. : ill. ; 27 cm.
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 110
Subjects
Neoplasms - etiology
Carcinogens
Caprylates - adverse effects
Fluorocarbons - adverse effects
Methylene Chloride - adverse effects
Thiophenes - adverse effects
Propane - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert
opinions of an IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans which met in Lyon , 3-10 June 2014.
Notes
IARC monographs are shelved in VC Journal stacks.
ISBN
9789283201489
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
French
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2017 v. 110
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Cobalt in hard metals and cobalt sulfate, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and vanadium pentoxide

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog15368
International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2006.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2006 v.86
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Health Organization
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2006
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 86
Subjects
Cobalt - adverse effects
Arsenic - adverse effects
Carcinogens - toxicity
Carcinogenicity Tests
Vanadium Compounds - adverse effects
Gallium - adverse effects
Indium - adverse effects
Metals
Tungsten - adverse effects
Risk Assessment
ISBN
9789283212867
928321286X
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2006 v.86
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Red meat and processed meat

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog120904
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2018.
Audience
Professional
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 6-13 October 2015
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2018
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 114
Subjects
Carcinogens
Red Meat - adverse effects
Food Additives - adverse effects
Diet, Western - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 6-13 October 2015
ISBN
9789283201809
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Available in PDF format.
Read Online
Show Less

Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog16184
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2004 October 5-12 : Lyon, France), World Health Organization. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2007.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2007 v.89
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2004 October 5-12 : Lyon, France)
World Health Organization
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2007
Physical Description
ix, 626 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 89
Subjects
Tobacco, Smokeless - adverse effects
Carcinogens
Nitrosamines - adverse effects
Risk Assessment
ISBN
9789283212898
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2007 v.89
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

Ionizing radiation, part 1 : X- and gamma (y)-radiation and neutrons

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog1997
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2000.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2000 v.75
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2000
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 75
Subjects
Neoplasms, Radiation Induced
Radiation, Ionizing
Gamma Rays
Neutrons
ISBN
9283212754
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
QZ202 I585 2000 v.75
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

1,3-Butadiene, ethylene oxide, and vinyl halides (vinyl flouride, vinyl chloride, and vinyl bromide)

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog20440
International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2008.
Audience
Professional
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
World Health Organization
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2008
Physical Description
ix, 510 p. ; ill. ; 24 cm.
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 97
Subjects
Carcinogens
Butadienes - adverse effects
Ethylene Oxide - adverse effects
Vinyl Compounds - adverse effects
Neoplasms - chemically induced
Risk Assessment
ISBN
9789283212973
9283212975
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Read Online
Show Less

Outdoor air pollution

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog114388
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2015.
Audience
Professional
This publication represents the views and expert; opinions of an IARC Working Group on the; Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,; which met in Lyon, October 2013
  1 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2015
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 109
Subjects
Carcinogens, Environmental
Air Pollution - adverse effects
Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
Risk Factors
Neoplasms -etiology
Abstract
This publication represents the views and expert
opinions of an IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,
which met in Lyon, October 2013
ISBN
9789283201755
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
French
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
PDF format and supplementary material
Read Online
Show Less
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2018.
Audience
Professional
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their…
  2 read online  
Corporate Author
International Agency for Research on Cancer
IARC Working Group on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humanss
Place of Publication
Lyon, France
Publisher
International Agency for Research on Cancer
Publication Date
2018
Series
IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 120
Subjects
Benzene - toxicity
Occupational Exposure - adverse effects
Carcinogens
Risk Factors
Abstract
The IARC Monographs identify environmental factors that are carcinogenic hazards to humans. These include chemicals, complex mixtures, occupational exposures, physical agents, biological agents, and lifestyle factors. National health agencies can use this information as scientific support for their actions to prevent exposure to potential carcinogens. - Website
ISBN
9789283201588
9789283201878
ISSN
1017-1606
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Serial
Audience
Professional
Location
Internet
Website Notes
Available in PDF format.
Read Online
Show Less

WHO guidelines for indoor air quality : dampness and mould

https://bccalibrary.andornot.com/en/permalink/catalog18151
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Denmark: World Health Organization , 2009.
Audience
Professional
Call Number
WA754 W927 2009
Availability
1 copy, 1 available
  1 read online  
Corporate Author
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
Editor
Heseltine, Elisabeth
Rosen, Jerome
Place of Publication
Denmark
Publisher
World Health Organization
Publication Date
2009
Physical Description
xvi, 228 p. : ill, ; 24 cm.
Subjects
Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects
Fungi
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Humidity - adverse effects
Humidity - prevention & control
Environmental Exposure
Risk Assessment
Guideline
ISBN
9789289041683
9289041684
Language
English
Material Type
Book
Online
Audience
Professional
Location
Vancouver Library
Internet
Call Number
WA754 W927 2009
Read Online

Copies

c.1 BC Cancer Agency VAN Library Available
Show Less

20 records – page 1 of 1.